# General Regression Neural Networks (GRNNs) package

#### 2021-09-06

The goal of GRNNs is to build a GRNN model using different functions. The traditional GRNN use euclidean distance (Specht, 1991), however, it can be applied to various distance functions. This GRNNs package uses various distance functions including: “euclidean”, “minkowski”, “manhattan”, “maximum”, “canberra”, “angular”, “correlation”, “absolute_correlation”, “hamming”, “jaccard”,“bray”, “kulczynski”, “gower”, “altGower”, “morisita”, “horn”, “mountford”, “raup”, “binomial”, “chao”, “cao”,“mahalanobis”.

library(GRNNs)

## dataset

The CLAMP global data set (Li et al., 2016; the CLAMP website: http://clamp.ibcas.ac.cn) includes: a physiognomic data set describing leaf characteristics for each site, and a meteorological data set for the same sites. The CLAMP global data set including 378 sites worldwide. The meteorological data consists of 11 parameters derived from a gridded data set (New et al., 2002; Spicer et al., 2009). The physiognomic data consist of 31 variables of leaf physiognomy collected from at least 20 taxa for each site.

data("met")
data("physg")

## The performance of GRNNs model

The k-fold cross-validation is used to evaluate the performance of GRNNs. The root mean square error (RMSE), standard deviation of absolute error (SDAE) were used to evaluate the accuracy and precision of different models respectively. The mean absolute error (MAE), standard deviation (STDEV) , coefficient of correlation (R), and P-value also provide. An example is illustrated below:

data("met")
data("physg")
results_kfold<-grnn.kfold(physg,met,10,"euclidean",scale=TRUE)

The best spreads have to be tuned which can be calculated from the function findSpread. An example is illustrated below:

data("met")
data("physg")
best.spread<-findSpread(physg,met,10,"bray",scale=TRUE)

## grnn

The grnn function can predict single or multiple data using various functions. The best spreads should be calculated from the above example. An example is illustrated below:

data("met")
data("physg")
predict<-physg[1,]
physg.train<-physg[-1,]
met.train<-met[-1,]
prediction<-grnn(predict,physg.train,met.train,fun="euclidean",best.spread,scale=TRUE)

## grnn distance

The grnn.distance return the distance (or dissimilarity coefficients) between two data sets. An example is illustrated below:

data("physg")
physg.train<-physg[1:10,]
physg.test<-physg[11:30,]
distance<-grnn.distance(physg.test,physg.train,"bray")

## references

Li, S.-F., Jacques, F.M., Spicer, R.A., Su, T., Spicer, T.E., Yang, J., Zhou, Z.-K., 2016. Artificial neural networks reveal a high-resolution climatic signal in leaf physiognomy. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 442, 1-11.

New, M., Lister, D., Hulme, M.,Makin, I., 2002. A high-resolution data set of surface climate over global land areas. Climate Research 21, 1–25.

Specht, D.F., 1991. A general regression neural network. Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on 2, 568-576.

Spicer, R.A., Valdes, P.J., Spicer, T.E.V., Craggs, H.J., Srivastava, G., Mehrotra, R.C., Yang, J., 2009. New developments in CLAMP: calibration using global gridded meteorological data. Palaeogeography. Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 283, 91–98.