# The Disposition Effect

In recent years, an irrational phenomenon in financial markets is grabbing the attention of behavioral economists: the disposition effect. Firstly discovered by H. Shefrin and M. Statman (1985), the disposition effect consists in the realization that investors are more likely to sell an asset when it is gaining value compared to when it is losing value. A phenomenon which is closely related to sunk costs’ bias, diminishing sensitivity, and loss aversion.

From 1985 until now, the disposition effect has been documented in US retail stock investors as well as in foreign retail investors and even among professionals and institutions. By the time, it is a well-established fact that the disposition effect is a real behavioral anomaly that strongly influences the final profits (or losses) of investors. Furthermore, being able to correctly capture these irrational behaviors timely is even more important in periods of high financial volatility as nowadays.

The dispositionEffect package allows to quickly evaluate the presence of disposition effect’s behaviors of an investor based solely on his transactions and the market prices of the traded assets.

You can install the released version of dispositionEffect from CRAN with:

install.packages("dispositionEffect")

Otherwise, you can also install the development version from GitHub with:

install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("marcozanotti/dispositionEffect")

To load the package simply use the usual library function.

library(dispositionEffect)

# Data

The disposition effect analysis is performed on two fundamental types of data frames:

• portfolio transactions, that is all the financial transactions an investor did during a specific period of time. A single transaction is made up of 6 features: the investor id, the asset id, the type of the transaction (it can be a buy or a sell), the traded quantity, the traded price, and the datetime.
head(investor)
#> # A tibble: 6 × 6
#>   investor type  asset quantity price datetime
#>   <chr>    <chr> <chr>    <dbl> <dbl> <dttm>
#> 1 4273N    B     ACO         45  3.94 2018-04-09 11:17:00
#> 2 4273N    B     LSUG       450  2.05 2018-05-17 15:06:00
#> 3 4273N    S     ACO         45  4.18 2018-05-22 17:11:00
#> 4 4273N    B     IT3S       230  1.10 2018-05-28 14:30:00
#> 5 4273N    S     IT3S       230  1.03 2018-06-01 15:27:00
#> 6 4273N    B     LSUG        90  2.53 2018-06-01 15:43:00
• market prices, that is the prices found on the stock markets for each traded asset and each transaction datetimes.
head(marketprices)
#>   asset            datetime   price
#> 1   ACO 2018-04-09 11:17:00 3.94000
#> 2   AST 2018-04-09 11:17:00 2.19600
#> 3  IT3S 2018-04-09 11:17:00 1.01840
#> 4  LSUG 2018-04-09 11:17:00 2.24950
#> 5   TFI 2018-04-09 11:17:00 0.40575
#> 6   ACO 2018-05-17 15:06:00 4.56000

# Gains and Losses

Based solely on this two data frames it is possible to compute the so-called realized gains (RG), realized losses (RL), paper gains (PG), and paper losses (PL), as defined by L. Mazzucchelli et al. (2021).

To sum up the main concepts are the followings:

• Realized Gain / Loss => whenever an investor closes a position in its portfolio in gain / loss

• Paper Gain / Loss => all the open positions at the moment of the transaction, and all the partially closed positions.

The portfolio_compute is the core interface of the package and it is used to perform all the gains and losses computations.

portfolio_results <- portfolio_compute(
portfolio_transactions = investor,
market_prices = marketprices,
method = "count"
)
dplyr::select(portfolio_results, -datetime)
#>   investor asset quantity price RG_count RL_count PG_count PL_count
#> 1    4273N   ACO      222 2.840        1        0        6        0
#> 2    4273N   AST        0 0.000        0        1        0        0
#> 3    4273N  IT3S        0 0.000        0        1        0        0
#> 4    4273N  LSUG        0 0.000        2        0        4        0
#> 5    4273N   TFI     1400 0.284        0        0        0        0

The result is a new data frame containing RG, PG, RL, and PL for each traded asset and the updated investor’s portfolio.

# Disposition Effect

Once that gains and losses have been computed, it is finally possible to evaluate both the disposition effect of the investor and of each traded assets, where the disposition effect is defined as:

$DE = \bigg(\frac{RG}{RG + PG}\bigg) - \bigg(\frac{RL}{RL + PL}\bigg)$

The DE varies between -1 and 1. Positive DE values show the presence of disposition effect irrational behaviors, while negative values show the presence of opposite disposition effect behaviors. A value of zero show that no disposition effect exists.

The function disposition_effect allow us to compute it.

# assets' disposition effects
disposition_effect(
realized_gains = portfolio_results$RG_count, paper_gains = portfolio_results$PG_count,
realized_losses = portfolio_results$RL_count, paper_losses = portfolio_results$PL_count
)
#> [1]  0.1428571 -1.0000000 -1.0000000  0.3333333  0.0000000
# investor's disposition effect
disposition_effect(
realized_gains = portfolio_results$RG_count, paper_gains = portfolio_results$PG_count,
realized_losses = portfolio_results$RL_count, paper_losses = portfolio_results$PL_count
) %>%
mean(na.rm = TRUE)
#> [1] -0.3047619

However, one may prefer to use the disposition_compute function directly on the results obtained from portfolio_compute for quick and clean computations.

# assets' disposition effects
asset_de <- disposition_compute(gainslosses = portfolio_results)
asset_de
#>   investor asset   DE_count
#> 1    4273N   ACO  0.1428571
#> 2    4273N   AST -1.0000000
#> 3    4273N  IT3S -1.0000000
#> 4    4273N  LSUG  0.3333333
#> 5    4273N   TFI  0.0000000
# investor's disposition effect
investor_de <- disposition_compute(gainslosses = portfolio_results, aggregate_fun = mean, na.rm = TRUE)
investor_de
#>   investor   DE_count
#> 1    4273N -0.3047619

Moreover, by means of the disposition_summary function it is also easy to summarize the disposition effect behavior of the investor.

# investor's disposition effect summary statistics
disposition_summary(gainslosses = portfolio_results)
#>   investor   stat   DE_count
#> 1    4273N    Min -1.0000000
#> 2    4273N     Q1 -1.0000000
#> 3    4273N Median  0.0000000
#> 4    4273N     Q3  0.1428571
#> 5    4273N   Mean -0.3047619
#> 6    4273N    Max  0.3333333
#> 7    4273N  StDev  0.6455850

# Plotting

Finally, by means of ggplot2, stunning charts can be produced to easily spot the presence of the disposition effect.

library(ggplot2)

asset_de %>%
ggplot2::ggplot(ggplot2::aes(x = asset, y = DE_count, fill = asset)) +
ggplot2::geom_col() +
ggplot2::scale_fill_viridis_d() +
ggplot2::labs(
title = "Disposition Effect results of the traded assets",
subtitle = "Method Count",
x = "", y = ""
)

For more detailed tutorials on disposition effect visit dispositionEffect.